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Glossary
of Petroleum Industry Common
Terms & Symbols
A
Abel tester:
A closed-cup flash tester
for kerosene and other oils
Absolute pressure:
Total pressure equal to
gauge pressure plus 14.7
lbs./sq. in at sea level
Acidity:
The presence of acid-type
constituents whose concentration
is usually defined in terms of
neutralization number. The
constituents vary in nature and
may or may not markedly
influence the behavior of the
oil. (see neutralization number)
Air-Fuel
Ratio:
The ratio of air weight to
fuel weight consumed in an
internal combustion engine or
furnace.
Aliphatic:
A class of saturated or
unsaturated carbon compounds, in
which the carbon atoms are
joined in open chains.
Aniline
Point:
The aniline point of a
petroleum product is the minimum
equilibrium solution temperature
with an equal volume of freshly
distilled aniline.
API:
American Petroleum
Institute.
API Gravity:
Gravity (weight per unit
volume) of oils as measured by
the API scale.
This
standard was adopted by the API
5/4/22 as the standard for the
American petroleum industries
Aromatics:
Group of hydrocarbons of
which benzene is the parent.
They are called
"aromatics" because
many of their derivatives have
sweet or aromatic odors.
Ash:
Inorganic residue remaining
after ignition of combustible
substances determined by
definite prescribed methods.
Asphaltenes:
Insoluble, semi-solid, or
solid particles which are
combustible and are highly
aromatic. Asphaltenes contain a
high carbon to hydrogen ratio
and entrap water, fuel ashes and
other impurities.
ASTM:
American Society for Testing
Materials. Grade and quality
specifications for petroleum
products are determined by ASTM
test methods.
Atomization characteristics:
The ability of an oil to be
broken up into a fine spray by
some mechanical means.
B
Barrel:
A unit of volume
measurement used for petroleum
and its products. 1 barrel = 42
U.S. gallons or 35 British
gallons
Bbl:
Abbreviation for barrel.
Benzene:
An aromatic hydrocarbon
which is a colorless, volatile,
flammable liquid. Benzene is
obtained chiefly from coal tar
and is used as a solvent for
resins and fats in dye
manufacture.
BHP:
Brake horsepower
Blender:
A device for mixing two fuel
oils to achieve a less viscous
and more uniform fuel.
Blending:
Mixing of two compatible
fuels having different
properties in order to produce
an intermediate fuel
BS
& W:
Bottom sediment and water.
BS
& W Monitor:
An instrument which detects
entrained water content in
petroleum products wherein the
water changes the capacitive
reactance as a function of the
dielectric constant.
BTU:
British Thermal Unit. The
amount of heat required to raise
the temperature of 1 pound of
water by 1 degree Fahrenheit.
Bunker
Fuel Oil:
Heavy, residual fuel oil
used in ships..
C
Calorie:
The amount of heat
required to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of water
by 1 degree centigrade, at or
near maximum density.
Calorific
Value:
Amount of heat produced by
the complete combustion of a
unit weight of fuel. Usually
expressed in calories per gram
or BTU's per pound, the latter
being numerically 1.8 times the
former.
Catalyst:
A substance which promotes a
chemical reaction, but does not
itself enter into the reaction.
Catalytic
Fines
Hard, abrasive crystalline
particles of alumina, silica,
and/or alumina silica that can
be carried over from the fluidic
catalytic cracking process of
residual fuel stocks. Particle
size can range from sub-micron
to greater than sixty (60)
microns in size. These particles
become more common in the higher
viscosity marine bunker fuels.
Cat
Cracker:
A large refinery vessel for
processing reduced crudes or
other feed-stocks in the
presence of a catalyst, as
opposed to the older method of
thermal cracking, which employs
heat and pressure only.
Catalytic cracking is generally
preferred since it produces less
gas and other highly volatile
byproducts. It produces a motor
fuel of higher octane than the
thermal process.
Centigrade:
Temperature based on 0 for
the temperature at which water
freezes and 100 for the
temperature at which water
boils.
Centipoise:
0.01 poise or centistokes
times specific gravity at the
test temperature.
Centistoke:
0.01 stoke (see stoke)
Centrifuge:
A machine using centrifugal
force produced by high-speed
rotation for separating
materials of different
densities. Applied to Diesel
engine fuels and lubricating
oils to remove moisture and
other extraneous materials.
Cetane
Index:
An empirical measure of
ignition quality. Defined as the
percentage by volume of cetane
in a mixture of cetane and
methyl naphthalene which has the
same ignition quality when used
in an engine as a fuel under
test.
CCR:
Conradson carbon residue
CFR
Diesel fuel testing unit:
A standard engine employed
in making cetane number tests of
Diesel engine fuels.C/H
Ratio:
Carbon/Hydrogen ratio
Clarifier:
A machine used for a
liquid-sludge separation in
which the particles with a
higher specific gravity are
separated form the lower
specific gravity of the liquid.
A clarifier bowl has one outlet
for the light phase oil; the
heavier phase particles are
retained on the bowl wall.
Cloud
Point:
Temperature at which wax
begins to crystallize from a
distillate fuel.
Corrosion:
Detrimental change in the
size or characteristics of
material under conditions of
exposure or use. It usually
results from chemical action
either regularly and slowly, as
in rusting (oxidation), or
rapidly, as in metal pickling.
Cracked:
Refers to a petroleum
product produced by a secondary
refining process such as thermal
cracking or vis-breaking
processes which yield very low
quality residue.
cSt:
Centistokes @ 50 Centigrade
Cutter
stock:
Flux Stock. A petroleum
stock which is used to reduce
the viscosity of a heavier
residual stock by dilution.
D
Demulsibility:
The resistance of an oil to
emulsification, or the ability
of an oil to separate from any
water with which it is mixed.
The better the demulsibility
rating, the more quickly the oil
separates from water
Density:
Density is the term meaning
the mass of a unit of volume.
Its numerical expression varies
with the units selected.
Desalter:
The desalter mixes the
hydrocarbon stream with a small
amount of fresh water (e.g. 10%
by volume) forming a
water-in-oil emulsion. The
resulting emulsion is subjected
to an electric field wherein the
water is coalesced as an under
flow from the upper flow of a
relatively water-free,
continuous hydrocarbon phase.
The desalted hydrocarbon stream
is produced at relatively low
cost and has a very small
residual salt content. The
performance of this unit can be
improved with a demulsifier,
such as
Detonation:
A violent explosion
involving high-velocity pressure
waves; in a gasoline engine, the
spontaneous combustion of part
of the compresses charge after
spark occurs. Detonation usually
produces a characteristic
metallic sound, or knock.
Diesel
index:
Product of the API gravity
and the aniline point (in
degrees Fahrenheit) of a Diesel
fuel, divided by 100; an
indication of the ignition
quality of the fuel.
Distillation:The
process of heating a liquid to
its boiling point and condensing
and collecting the vapors
Doctor
test:
A qualitative method of
detecting undesirable sulfur
compounds in petroleum
distillates, that is, of
determining whether oil is
"sour" or
"sweet".
E
Electrolytic process:
A process that causes the
decomposition of a chemical
compound by the use of
electricity.
Emulsion:
A liquid mixture of two or
more liquid substances not
normally dissolved in one
another, one liquid held in
suspension in the other.
Water-in-oil emulsions have
water as the internal phase and
oil as the external, while
oil-in-water have oil as the
internal phase and water as the
external.
Engler viscosity:
A viscosity obtained by
dividing the out-flow time in
seconds for 200 ml. of the
material being tested, by the
time in seconds for 200 ml. of
water at 68F (20C) to flow out
of an Engler viscosimeter.
F
Fahrenheit:
Temperature scale based
on 32F for the temperature at
which water freezes and 212F for
the temperature at which water
boils (180 difference).
Conversion to Farhenheit from
Celsius (centigrade) temperature
scale is by the following
formula: F = 9/5C + 32, where C
is the temperature in Celsius
degrees.
Final Boiling Point FBP:
The
highest temperature indicated on
the thermometer inserted in the
flask during a standard
laboratory distillation. This is
generally the temperature at
which no more vapor can be
driven over into the condensing
apparatus.
Fire
Point:
The lowest temperature at
which an oil vaporizes rapidly
enough to burn for at least 5
seconds after ignition, under
standard conditions.
Flash
point:
The lowest temperature at
which a liquid will generate
sufficient vapor to flash
(ignite) when exposed to a
source of ignition.
Force
Majeure:
A standard clause which
indemnifies either or both
parties to a transaction
whenever events reasonably
beyond the control of either or
both parties occur to prevent
fulfillment of the terms of the
contract.
Fraction:
A separate identifiable part
of crude oil; the product of a
refining or
Fuel
oil:
The heavy distillates from
the oil refining process; used
as fuel for power stations,
marine boilers.
Fungible:
Interchangeable. Products
which can be commingled for
purposes of pipeline shipment.
G
Gasoil:
Designation for No.2 heating
oils and diesel fuels. A clean
distillate fuel oil.
H
Heat of Combustion
Gross:
Total heat evolved during
complete combustion of unit
weight of a substance, usually
expresses in BTU per pound.
Heat of Combustion Net:
Gross heat of combustion
minus the latent heat of
condensation of any water
produced.
Heavy
crude:
Crude oil with a high
specific gravity and a low API
gravity due to the presence of a
high proportion of heavy
hydrocarbon fractions and
metallic content.
Homogenizer:
A mechanical device which is
used to create a stable, uniform
dispersion of an insoluble phase
(asphaltenes) within a liquid
phase (fuel oil).
HP:
Horsepower
HHV:
Higher heating value
Hydrometer:
An instrument for
determining the gravity of a
liquid.
I
IBP:
Initial Boiling Point. In a
standard laboratory
distillation, the temperature on
the distillation thermometer at
the moment the first drop of
distillate falls from the
condenser.
Innage:
Space occupied in a product
container.
IP:
British Institute of
Petroleum.
Ionization:
The process of adding
electrons to, or removing
electrons from, atoms or
molecules, thereby creating
ions. High temperatures,
electrical discharges, and
nuclear radiation can cause
ionization.
K
Kinematic Viscosity:
The ratio of the absolute
viscosity of a liquid to its
specific gravity at the
temperature at which the
viscosity is measured. Expressed
in Stokes or Centistokes.
Example:
Viscosity, kinematic, cS @
100F.....5.2
L
Latent heat:
Heat required to change the
state of a unit weight of a
substance from solid to liquid
or from liquid to vapor without
change of temperature.
Layering:
This occurs in tanks when a
high density fuel is mixed with
a low density fuel.
LHV:
Lower Heating Value
Lifting:
Refers to tankers and barges
taking on cargoes of oil or
refined product at the terminal
or transshipment point.
Light
Crude:
Crude oil with a low
specific gravity and high API
gravity due to the presence of a
high proportion of light
hydrocarbon fractions and low
metallic compound.
Light
Ends:
The more volatile products
of petroleum refining; eg.
butane, propane, gasoline.
Liter:
A measure of capacity in the
metric system equal to 61,022
cubic inches, 0.908 US quarts
dry and 1.0567 US quarts wet.
Long
Ton:
An avoirdupois weight
measure equalling 2,240 pounds.
M
Marine Diesel Oil (MDO):
Marine Diesel oil is a
middle distillate fuel oil which
can contain traces often percent
(10%) or more residual fuel oil
from transportation
contamination and/or heavy fuel
oil blending. The MDO does not
require heated storage.
MCR:
Maximum continuous rating
MDO:
Marine Diesel Oil
Metric
Ton:
A weight measure equal to
1,000 kilograms, 2,204.62
pounds, and 0.9842 long tons.
Mg/L:
Milligrams per liter = ppm
(parts per million) - expresses
a measure of the concentration
by weight of a substance per
unit volume.
Middle
Distillate:
Term applied to hydrocarbons
in the so-called "middle
range" of refinery
distillation. Examples: heating
oil, diesel fuels, and kerosene.
Micron:
A unit of length. One
millionth of a meter or one
thousandth of a millimeter. One
micron equals 0.00004 of an
inch.
Molecule:
The smallest division of a
compound that still retains or
exhibits all the properties of
the substance.
Motor
Gasoline:
A complex mixture of
relatively volatile hydrocarbons
with or without small quantities
of additives, that have been
blended to form a fuel suitable
for use in spark-ignition
engines.
mm:
Millimeter
MSDS:
Material safety data sheet -
a document that provides
pertinent information and a
profile of a particular
hazardous substance or mixture.
An MSDS is normally developed by
the manufacturer or formulator
of the hazardous substance or
mixture. The MSDS is required to
be made available to employees
and operators whenever there is
the likelihood of the hazardous
substance or mixture being
introduced into the workplace.
Some manufacturers prepare MSDS
for products that are NOT
considered to be hazardous to
show that the product or
substance is NOT hazardous.
N
Naphtha:
A volatile, colorless
product of petroleum
distillation. Used primarily as
paint solvent, cleaning fluid,
and blendstock in gasoline
production, to produce motor
gasoline by blending with
straight-run gasoline.
Naphthenes:
One of three basic
hydrocarbon classifications
found naturally in crude oil.
Naphthenes are widely used as
petrochemical feedstock.
Examples are: cyclopentane;
methyl-,ethyl, and
propylcyclopentane.
Neutralization
number:
The number that expresses
the weight in milligrams of an
alkali needed to neutralize the
acidic material in one gram of
oil. The neutralization number
of an oil is an indication of
its acidity.
NH3N:
Ammonia nitrogen.
NPDES
permit:
National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System permit is the
regulatory agency document
issued by either a federal or
state agency which is designated
to control all discharges of
pollutants from point sources
into U.S. waterways. NPDES
permits regulate discharges into
navigable waters from all point
sources of pollution, including
industries, municipal wastewater
treatment plants, sanitary
landfills, large agricultural
feed lots and return irrigation
flows.
O
Oil:
Crude petroleum and other
hydrocarbons produced at the
wellhead in liquid form
Olefins:
Class of unsaturated
paraffin hydrocarbons recovered
from petroleum. Typical examples
include: butane, ethylene and
propylene.
OSHA:
The Williams-Steiger
Occupational Safety and Health
Act of 1970 (OSHA) is a law
designed to protect the health
and safety of industrial workers
and treatment plant operators.
It regulates the design,
construction, operation and
maintenance of industrial plants
and wastewater treatment plants.
The Act does not apply directly
to municipalities, EXCEPT in
those states that have approved
plans and have asserted
jurisdiction under Section 18 of
the OSHA Act. Wastewater
treatment plants have come under
stricter regulation in all
phases of activity as a result
of OSHA standards. OSHA also
refers to the federal and state
agencies which administer the
OSHA regulations.
Oxidation:
Combining elemental
compounds with oxygen to form a
new compound. A part of the
metabolic reaction.
Oxidizing
agent:
Any substance such as oxygen
and chlorine , that can accept
electrons. When oxygen or
chlorine is added to wastewater,
organic substances are oxidized.
These oxidized organic
substances are more stable and
less likely to give off odors or
to contain disease bacteria.
Outage:
Space left in a product
container to allow for expansion
during the temperature changes
it may undergo during shipment
and application. Measurement of
space that is NOT occupied in a
drum.
Ozonation:
The application of ozone to
water, wastewater, or air,
generally for the purposes of
disinfection or odor control.
P
Particulate:
Free suspended solids.
PAH:
Polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons. (occasionally
polyaluminum hydroxide)
PCB:
Polychlorinated biphenyls;
polychloro-biphenyls. Difficult
to remediate chemical used in
old-style transformers.
Concentrated PCBs used to be
referred to as "1268".
Pensky-Martens:
A closed-cup test for flash
points of oil.
Peristaltic
pump:
A type of positive
displacement pump.
Petrochemical:
An intermediate chemical
derived from petroleum,
hydrocarbon liquids or natural
gas, such as: ethylene,
propylene, benzene, toluene and
xylene.
Petroleum:
A generic name for
hydrocarbons, including crude
oil, natural gas liquids,
natural gas and their products.
pH:
pH is an expression of the
intensity of the basic or acidic
condition of a liquid.
Mathematically, pH is the
logarithm (base 10) of the
reciprocal of the hydrogen ion
concentration. The pH may range
from 0 to 14, where 0 is most
acidic, 14 most basic, and 7 is
neutral. Natural waters usually
have a pH between 6.5 and 8.5.
Phenol:
An organic compound that is
an alcohol derivative of
benzene.
PIB:
Product Information
Bulletin. General information on
a product.
Pollution:
The impairment (reduction)
of water quality by agriculture,
domestic or industrial wastes
(including thermal and
radioactive wastes) to such a
degree as to hinder any
beneficial use of the water or
render it offensive to the
senses of sight, taste, or smell
or when sufficient amounts of
waste creates or poses a
potential threat to human health
or the environment.
Polymer:
A chemical formed by the
union of many monomers (a
molecule of low molecular
weight). Polymers are used with
other chemical coagulants to aid
in binding small suspended
particles to form larger
chemical flocs for easier
removal from water. All
polyelectrolytes are polymers,
but not all polymers are
polyelectrolytes.
Polymerization:
Process of combining two or more
simple molecules of the same
type, called monomers, to form a
single molecule having the same
elements in the same proportion
as in the original molecules,
but having increased molecular
weight. The product of the
combination is a polymer.
Pour
Point:
Lowest temperature at which
an oil will pour or flow under
certain prescribed conditions.
ppm:
Parts per million - the unit
commonly used to designate the
concentration of a substance in
a wastewater in terms of weight
ie. one pound per million
pounds, etc. PPM is synonymous
with the more commonly used term
mg/L (milligrams per liter).
Purifier:
A machine used for a
liquid-liquid separation in
which the two intermixed liquids
which are insoluble in each
other have different specific
gravities. Solids with specific
gravities higher than those of
the liquids can be separated off
at the same time. A purifier
bowl has two outlets; one for
the light phase liquid and one
for the heavy phase liquid.
R
Ramsbottom coke:
A carbon residue test
originated by Dr. J.R.
Ramsbottom in England.
Reagent:
A pure chemical substance
that is used to make new
products or is used in chemical
tests to measure, detect, or
examine other substances.
Recycle:
The use of water or
wastewater within (internally) a
facility before it is discharged
to a treatment system.
Reduced
Crude Oil:
Crude oil that has undergone
at least one distillation
process to separate some of the
lighter hydrocarbons. Reducing
crude lowers its API gravity,
but increases the handling
safety by raising the flash
point.
Reducing
agent:
Any substance, such as the
base metal (iron) or the sulfide
ion that will readily donate
(give up) electrons. The
opposite of an oxidizing agent.
Redwood viscosity:
The number of seconds
required for 50 ml. of an oil to
flow out of a standard Redwood
viscosimeter at a definite
temperature; British viscosity
standard.
Refinery:
A plan used to separate the
various components present in
crude oil and convert them into
usable products or feedstock for
other processes.
Residual Fuel
Oil:
Heavy fuel oils produced
from the non-volatile residue
from the fractional distillation
process. Heavy oils that are
"leftovers" from
various refining processes.
Heavy black oils used in marine
boilers and in heating plants.
S
Saybolt Furol viscosity:
A viscosity test similar in
nature to the Saybolt Universal
viscosity test but one more
appropriate for testing
high=viscosity oils. Certain
transmission and gear oils, and
heavy fuel oils are rated by
this method. The results
obtained are approximately
1/10th the viscosity which would
be shown by the Saybolt
Universal method.
SSF:
Seconds Saybolt Furol
SSU:
Seconds Saybolt Universal
Short
ton:
An avoirdupois measure of
weight equal to 2,000 lbs.
Slagging:
Formation of hard deposits
on boiler tubes and/or piston
crowns, usually due to the
presence of sodium, vanadium and
sulfur.
Sludge:
Deposits in fuel tanks and
caused by the presence of wax,
sand, scale, asphaltenes, tars,
water, etc. The "sludge"
formed in a #6 fuel oil storage
tank is mostly composed of heavy
hydrocarbons. This type of
sludge by breaking the sludge
into small particles and
re-suspending them in the fuel
for more efficient combustion.
The
"sludge" formed in
diesel storage tanks is a
combination of water with fungus
and bacteria, which grow on the
unevenly mixed water/fuel
interface. Adding Treatment to
stored fuel promotes a clean
separation of water and fuel,
reducing the substrate upon
which bacteria and fungus can
grow. Since the bacteria and
fungus bind to the separated
water, they can be removed by
draining the water from the
storage tank. If draining the
storage tank is
impossible, will emulsify
the water into tiny droplets and
break the sludge into such small
particles that they will no
longer clog filters and will
efficiently burn.
Soluble:
Matter or compounds capable
of dissolving into a solution.
Solvent:
A substance, normally a
liquid, which is capable of
absorbing another liquid, gas,
or solid to form a homogeneous
mixture.
Specifications:
Term referring to the
properties of a given crude oil
or petroleum product, which are
"specified" since they
often vary widely even within
the same grade of product. In
the normal process of
negotiation, seller will
guarantee buyer that product or
crude to be sold will meet
certain specified limits, and
will agree to have such limits
certified in writing.
Generally
the major qualities of oil for
which a buyer would demand a
guarantee are: API gravity (or
specific gravity, in some
cases), sulfur percentage
measured by weight, pour point
measured by degrees C maximum,
viscosity min./max., BS&W
percentage by weight, etc.
Specific
gravity:
Weight of a particle,
substance or chemical solution
in relation to an equal volume
of water at 15C. Abbreviated as
Sp.Gr.
Specific heat:
The quantity of heat
required to raise the
temperature of a unit weight of
a substance by 1 degree; usually
expresses as calories/gram/C or
BTU/lb./F.
Spec.
Sheet:
Specification Sheet.
Detailed information of a
product including, tests, color,
odor, specific gravity,
bacterial strains, other major
ingredients, etc.
SIT:
Spontaneous Ignition
Temperature. The temperature at
which an oil ignites of its own
accord in the presence of air or
oxygen under standard
conditions.
SR1:Seconds Redwood # 1 @ 100 F
Stabilize:
To convert to a form that
resists change. Organic material
is stabilized by bacteria which
convert the material to gases
and other relatively inert
substances. Stabilized organic
material generally will not give
off obnoxious odors.
Static
mixer:
A motionless mixer which has
a series of fixed, geometric
elements enclosed within a
tubular housing. The internal
elements impart flow division
and radial mixing to the media
flowing through the housing to
produce a uniform dilution of
the production.
Stoke:
The unit of kinematic
viscosity
Straight-Run:
Refers to a petroleum
product produced by the primary
distillation of crude oil, free
of cracked components.
Stratification:
Occurs in blended fuels that
have a compatibility problem. It
is usually experienced when
paraffinic based oils are mixed
with asphaltic based oils,
causing asphaltenes to
precipitate and settle to the
bottom of the tank.
STP:
Standard Temperature (25C)
and Pressure (300 mm Mercury).
Sulfur:
An element that is present
in crude oil and natural gas as
an impurity in the form of its
various compounds.
Surfactant:
Surface-active agent. The
active agent in detergents that
possesses a high cleaning
ability. Used in a spray
solution to improve its sticking
and wetting properties when
applied to plants, algae, or
petroleum.
T
Tag-Robinson
Colorimeter:
An instrument used to
determine the color of oils.
Also a scale of color values.
TBN:
Total Base Number
Thermal
Value:
Calories per gram of BTU per
pound produced by burning fuels.
Topped Crude Oil:
Oil from which the light
ends have been removed by a
simple refining process. Also
referred to as "reduced
crude oil".
Total
Existent
Sediment:
Combination of inorganic
and hydrocarbon sediments
existing in a fuel as delivered.
Toxic:
A substance which is
poisonous to a living organism.
Toxicity:
The relative degree of being
poisonous or toxic. A condition
which may exist in wastes and
will inhibit or destroy the
growth or function of certain
organisms.
U
Ubbehohde viscosimeter:
A suspended level apparatus
for accurately determining the
viscosity of a liquid.
Ullage:
The amount which a tank or
vessel lacks of being full.
V
Vanadium Inhibitor:
An organic and/or
inorganic metal bearing chemical
intended to chemically and/or
physically combine with the
compounds formed during
combustion of heavy fuel oil to
improve the surface properties
of the treated ash compounds.
Viscosimeter:
A device for determining the
viscosity of oil. There are
several methods or devices in
general use. Basically, a fixed
quantity of oil is allowed to
pass through a fixed orifice at
a specified temperature over a
measured time span and then
compared to a standard liquid
such as a calibration oil or
water.
Viscosity:
Measure of the internal
friction or resistance of an oil
to flow. As the temperature of
an oil is increased, its
viscosity decreases and it is
therefore able to flow more
readily. Viscosity is measured
on several different scales,
including Redwood No. 1 at 100F,
Engler Degrees, Saybolt Seconds,
etc. The most common method for
designation of viscosity is
kinematic viscosity, measured in
centistokes, cst @ 50Centigrade.
(See Saybolt Furol, Saybolt
Universal, Engler, Redwood,
Kinematic)
Vis-Breaking:
A light thermal cracking
process carried out on a fuel
oil during the refining process
to reduce
product viscosity without
blending.
Volatile:
A volatile substance is one
that is capable of being
evaporated or changed to a vapor
at a relatively low temperature.
Volatile substances also can be
partially removed by air
stripping.
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